A bench of height 12 m is shot in rows B metres apart behind a free face; row i fires at t = i x delay. Charge per hole Q = PF x B x S x H (S = 1.15 B). Rock near a charge is accelerated radially with
v0 = sqrt( 2 eta PF E / rho ), fading with distance
Kuz-Ram: X50 = A PF^-0.8 Q^(1/6) (E/115)^(-19/30)
Rosin-Rammler: P(x) = 1 - exp(-0.693 (x/X50)^n)
n = (2.2 - 14 B/d) ...
PPV = 1140 (200 / sqrt(Q_delay))^-1.6
Fragments fly ballistically and settle into a muck pile. Delays shorter than 8 ms let neighbouring rows add their charge (higher vibration).