Cell energy is E = Q · V. Per cm2 of electrode the cathode stores q = 4 mAh/cm2 and the average cell voltage is about 3.65 V (graphite) or 3.78 V (lithium metal), so E = q V in mWh/cm2. Specific energy is Wh/kg = 1000 E / m where m is the sum of every layer: cathode coating, anode, copper and aluminium foil, electrolyte and separator, pouch and tabs. Volumetric energy is Wh/L = E / thickness. Only the active materials store energy; the rest is overhead. A lithium-metal anode replaces roughly 90 um of graphite coating by about 23 um of lithium, which is the main gain; a solid electrolyte layer is thinner than a wetted separator-plus-pores stack but needs more catholyte in the cathode (lower active fraction) and usually stack-pressure hardware.
A pack holds the cells plus cooling, busbars, casing and electronics. Here the cell-to-pack factors are 70 % by mass and 55 % by volume for both cells. Pack mass = E_pack / (Wh/kg · 0.70).
1C means charging the cathode areal capacity in one hour: j = C q in mA/cm2. In a graphite anode the surface potential is phi = phi_eq - eta, with eta = j · ASR(T) and ASR(T) = ASR25 · exp[Ea/R (1/T - 1/298)]. When phi drops below 0 V against Li/Li+ (near 80 % state of charge phi_eq ~ 0.08 V), lithium plates as metal. The plating index is eta / phi_eq; the limit is C_max = phi_eq / (ASR · q). Cold raises ASR exponentially, so the safe C-rate collapses in winter.
For lithium metal the index is j / j_crit(T). Above j_crit lithium deposits unevenly into needles. The toy growth law is dL/dt = v0 (r - 1)^1.5 while charging; the cycles to an internal short are L_electrolyte / (growth per cycle). Solid electrolytes are stiffer but not immune: filaments follow grain boundaries and voids, and published critical current densities are a few mA/cm2 at best, often lower. The numbers used here (0.8, 3.0 and 2.0 mA/cm2 at 25 C for liquid, sulfide and oxide) are assumed round values; the key message is that solid-state lithium-metal cells can be more limited in fast charging than liquid graphite cells, not less, unless the interfaces are engineered.
Pack heat from resistance is P = I² R with I = C · Ah_pack and R_pack = (n_series/n_parallel) · ASR(T) / area. Cooling removes UA (T - T_coolant), UA = 18 W/K per kWh. The lumped temperature obeys C_th dT/dt = I²R(T) - UA (T - T_c); with R constant the solution is T = T_c + (P/UA)(1 - e^(-t/tau)), tau = C_th / UA. The hot spot is assumed 1.4 times the mean rise. The margin is the self-heating onset temperature minus the hot-spot temperature; onset values (liquid ~100 C, sulfide ~140 C, oxide ~180 C, 15 C lower with lithium metal) are assumed. Above onset a toy exotherm q0 exp[(T - T_onset)/15 K] is added, and the diagram shows where generation beats cooling for good. Solid electrolytes remove the flammable organic liquid, but cathode-electrolyte reactions and lithium-metal reactivity still release heat.
At constant 90 km/h: F = m g C_rr + 0.5 rho C_d A v², electrical power F v / 0.90 + P_aux, with auxiliary 0.6 kW plus 0.1 kW per degree below 15 C (heating) or 0.06 kW per degree above 25 C. The vehicle is a 1250 kg glider + 100 kg payload + the pack. Range = 0.90 · E_pack · f_cold / (Wh/km). Cold also reduces usable capacity (assumed 0.30 to 0.50 % per degree below 25 C).