T(z) = T_surface + gradient·z
Q = ṁ·cp·ΔT
P_electric ≈ Q · η_carnot · 0.5
Deep geothermal boreholes tap heat that increases roughly linearly with depth (the geothermal gradient). A working fluid is pumped down an injection well, absorbs heat at depth, and returns up a production well in a closed loop, delivering thermal energy that can be converted to electricity via a binary-cycle turbine (limited by Carnot efficiency at these moderate temperatures).
- Borehole depth — deeper wells reach higher temperatures but need more drilling and pumping energy.
- Geothermal gradient — how fast temperature rises with depth; varies by region (higher near volcanic/tectonic zones).
- Fluid flow rate — mass flow through the loop; more flow extracts more thermal power but cools the reservoir faster.
- Closed-loop fluid — toggles the animated visualization of fluid descending (cool, blue) and ascending (hot, orange).
Real-world application: enhanced/closed-loop geothermal systems (e.g. Fervo Energy, Eavor-Loop) use exactly this depth-temperature relationship to deliver firm, 24/7 clean power anywhere, not just at volcanic hotspots.