Faraday's Law: Hand-Crank AC Generator (2D)

This 2D simulator models Faraday's law the way a real AC generator uses it: a coil of wire spins inside a fixed magnetic field between two poles, and the changing flux through the coil induces an electromotive force. Switch on the motor for a smooth sinusoidal EMF, or grab the hand-crank and spin the coil yourself — the induced voltage is computed every frame from the true numerical derivative of the flux linkage Ψ = N·B·A·cos θ, so an uneven hand-crank produces a genuinely uneven EMF trace, current, and bulb brightness. Raise the number of turns, the field strength, or the coil area and the peak voltage grows accordingly; change the load resistance and watch the current and bulb power respond while the EMF itself stays governed purely by dΨ/dt.