Proof-of-Stake Validator Selection & Finality (2D)

Validator Set — Individual Stake

Round Speed

Epoch speed 1.0×

Current Epoch

Booting validator set…

0% attested2/3 threshold

Epoch

Finalized blocks

Avg finality (rounds)

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Withholding stake

How it works

Each validator i holds an individually adjustable stake s_i out of total stake S. Every epoch a proposer is chosen by a real stake-weighted lottery — validator i's selection probability equals its share of total stake:

P(select i) = s_i / S       (weighted random draw, S = Σ s_i)

Every other active validator then casts an attestation for the proposed block, contributing its own stake to a running tally. A block reaches finality only once cumulative attesting stake crosses a Byzantine-fault-tolerant supermajority — the same 2/3 bound used in Casper FFG / Gasper (Ethereum) and Tendermint-style BFT consensus:

Σ (attesting s_i) ≥ (2/3) · S  →  block finalized

Tick the withhold box next to any validator to make it adversarial: it keeps its stake and can still be picked as proposer, but it never casts an attestation. Below roughly 1/3 of total stake withheld the quorum still forms, just more slowly; above that threshold no honest majority can reach 2/3 and blocks stop finalizing altogether — the same liveness failure a real PoS chain hits when it loses its safety margin.

Per-validator stake sliders — set each validator's own stake directly; the proposer lottery and every attestation weight update immediately.
Withhold attestation — simulates an offline or adversarial validator; watch time-to-finality grow as withheld stake approaches 1/3.
Epoch speed — how fast epochs (proposal → attestation → finality) play out.

Proposer Attested Idle Withholding