Each simulated year, the annual budget B is split across four mitigation levers by the sliders above (normalized to 100%). Installed capacity grows as:
ΔCAP_i = (share_i · B) / cost_i
cost_solar ≈ $0.9/W, cost_wind ≈ $1.3/W
cost_nuclear ≈ $4.5/W, cost_storage ≈ $0.25/Wh
Hourly dispatch is approximated with capacity factors and a stochastic intermittency term. Wind and solar output is clipped to demand; storage charges on surplus renewable generation and discharges to cover shortfalls (bounded by its energy capacity). Whatever demand storage and renewables cannot cover is met by the residual fossil fleet:
gen_i(t) = CAP_i · CF_i · (1 + noise)
fossil(t) = max(0, demand(t) − Σ gen_renewable+nuclear(t) − storage_discharge(t))
intensity(t) = 450·fossil(t) / demand(t) [g CO2/kWh, fossil-only emissions]
Storage adequacy is the fraction of shortfall hours the battery fleet can fully cover from its state of charge. Cumulative CO₂ avoided integrates the gap between today's intensity and the fixed 450 g/kWh unmitigated baseline against total demand served, in gigatonnes. A skewed allocation (e.g. all-in on one lever) shows realistic bottlenecks: too much solar/wind without storage raises curtailment and leaves fossil covering evening peaks; nuclear grows slowly but delivers steady baseload; storage alone cannot generate power, only shift it in time.