Effective flood level at each building combines mean sea level rise, a storm surge pulse, and any protective works.
h_eff = SLR + surge · S(t) − h_wall
runoff_captured = A_roof · k_green
score = w1(1−flooded/N) + w2·runoff + w3·mangrove_buffer
- Sea level rise — raises the baseline water plane across the whole scene.
- Storm surge — adds a periodic surge pulse riding on top of the baseline.
- Sea wall — blocks water below its crest height, protecting the shoreline row of buildings.
- Mangroves — a planted buffer strip that damps incoming surge energy before it reaches the town.
- Elevated homes — lifts building floors on stilts, raising their individual flood threshold.
- Green roofs — absorbs a share of rainfall runoff, shown in the runoff stat.
Real coastal planners combine exactly these four measures — hard defences, nature-based buffers, elevation, and
sustainable drainage — when designing climate adaptation strategies for low-lying towns.