Match setup

Players on pitch: 18 Match speed: 1.0×

Clustering

Clusters (k): 4 Re-cluster interval: 1.5s

Feature-space axes

Tactical clusters

Clustering stats

Match clock00:00

Iterations to converge—

Inertia (WCSS)—

Last re-cluster—

Each player's on-pitch trajectory is reduced to five tactical features — average field position (x,y), roaming coverage area, sprint frequency and pass-network centrality — then standardized and grouped with a real k-means loop (k-means++ seeding, Euclidean assignment, centroid update, iterate to convergence). Clusters are re-labelled each pass by their tactical signature.