Every car is driven by the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), the standard car-following equation used in real traffic-engineering microsimulation. Each vehicle accelerates toward its desired speed and brakes to keep a safe gap from whatever is ahead — another car, or a red light's stop-line:
s* = s0 + v·T + (v·Δv) / (2·√(a·b))
accel = a · [ 1 − (v/v0)^4 − (s*/gap)^2 ]
The street grid is one-way on alternating rows/columns, like many real downtown grids. Each intersection runs its own signal: Fixed-Timer flips every 8 seconds regardless of traffic; AI Adaptive counts queued cars on each approach and only switches once the waiting side has a longer queue, after a 4 s minimum green.
The energy grid runs on a real supply/demand balance: base household demand follows a two-peak daily curve (morning + evening), traffic adds its own load per active vehicle, solar output follows the sun between 06:00–18:00, and the battery integrates the surplus or deficit (dE = power × dt) between 0 and its capacity. Self-sufficiency is the share of demand covered by solar + battery without drawing from the outside grid.