Swarm settings

Coverage area

Controls

PSO live state

Iteration0
Best coverage (gbest)—
Swarm avg coverage—
Best-ever fitness (raw)—
Total demand weight—
Each particle is a full candidate layout of every tower's (x, y) position. Every iteration: v ← w·v + c₁·r₁·(pbest − x) + c₂·r₂·(gbest − x), then x ← x + v, with c₁ = c₂ = 1.6. Fitness is demand-weighted coverage (quadratic falloff, best-server model) minus a penalty for redundant overlap.