The implement is 6 bottoms x 0.5 m = w = 3.0 m. Rows are spaced so that N = ceil(Ly / w) passes cover the field: N = 34 for a 100 m wide field. Spacing (Ly - w)/(N - 1) = 2.94 m keeps the rows snug.

Overlap is ground ploughed twice (blue hatching): overlap % = (N w - Ly) / Ly x 100 = 2.0 %. Skip is ground not ploughed (grey) and lowers your stars.

The tractor steers with a bicycle model, wheelbase L = 2.6 m, maximum steering angle 35 deg. The minimum turning radius is R_min = L / tan(35 deg) = 3.71 m. The headland (12 m) gives room to turn. Checked by integrating the model and comparing the radius: error 0.0000 %.

Theoretical capacity C_th = w v / 10 [ha/h, v in km/h]. Effective capacity C_eff = A / T_total. Efficiency eta = C_eff / C_th. Turns and lifts reduce eta: the turn time model is t_T = t0 + l_T / v_T with t0 = 8 s and v_T = 0.5 v (model value, a simplified loop, not a Dubins path).

Fuel per hectare F / C_eff, with F = 30 L/h at full load (model value, check against published tractor data before use). Coins round(ha x 50 x eta); coins are an in-game counter only.

Working window: 0.6 theta_p <= theta <= 0.9 theta_p with plastic limit theta_p = 18 % (model value). Wet soil sticks: eta is reduced by 0.15 (model value). Dry soil uses 1.2 times the fuel (model value).

Flat ground, uniform soil, no plough dynamics, one field, fixed moisture. Efficiency values for ploughing are typically 0.75 to 0.85 in agricultural references; verify before publishing. The sim is an educational model, not an engineering tool.